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Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev
Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev (; (ロシア語:Мухамеджан Тынышпаев)) (May 12, 1879 - after November 21, 1937) was a Kazakh engineer, activist, and intellectual. He surveyed and engineered the railways of Russian Central Asia, while also active in the young political newspapers of the region. Through his work, he became known as a political activist, ethnographer, and historian.
==Early life and education==
Tynyshpaev was born in what is today the region of Almaty, in the rural area of Lepsinsk, near the Lepsi River, not far from the current border of China. His father (Tynyshbai) was a minor official in the region. Because of his position, Tynyshbai was able to send the young Tynyshpaev to the regional center of Verniy (Pre-Reform Russian: Вѣрный) to attend the all-male Gymnasium on a stipend provided by the Governor-General. Tynyshpaev studied from 1889 until his graduation in 1900, excelling in mathematics, languages, literature, and history. After finishing school and thanks to a strong letter of recommendation from his school director, he left for the capital to continue his studies. He enrolled at the Imperial Institute of Railway Transport in St. Petersburg, where the Tsarist government funded him with a stipend and living allowance. Despite not being a member of the Kazakh nobility, his education allowed him to work and write in the same circles as some members of the Constitutional Democratic Party (informally known as the Kadets).
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